Depression is a mental health disorder that can have significant effects on a person's mood, behavior, and quality of life as a whole. There are numerous types of depression, each with its own set of symptoms and underlying causes.

The different types of depression, their causes, the DSM criteria, available treatments, and refractory depression treatment will all be covered in this response. The different types of depression, their causes, the DSM criteria, available treatments, and refractory depression treatment will all be covered in this response. 

Classifications for depression

•  Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

•  Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

•  Schizophrenia Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

•  Postpartum depression (PPD) 

Multiple factors, including genetics, the environment, and life events, can contribute to the onset of depression. These are some common causes of depression: 

• There is evidence that depression can be passed down through generations in a family due to genetics. 

• Certain chemical imbalances in the brain, including serotonin and dopamine, can contribute to the development of depression. 

• The onset of depression can be precipitated by traumatic or stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one or a breakup.

•  A lack of social support, poverty, or exposure to violence or abuse can increase the likelihood of developing depression. 

The DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) consist of the following: 

• at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. 

• Significant weight loss or gain, or 

• appetite reduction or increase Insomnia or 

• hypersomnia Psychomotor agitation or 

• sluggishness fatigue or 

• energy loss 

• The incapacity to think or concentrate, 

• as well as indecision, were hampered by feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt. R

• Recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, a suicide attempt, or a specific plan to commit suicide 

Medication and psychotherapy are the most frequently used treatments for depression. Several classes of medications, including

•  selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 

• serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs),

•  tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and 

• monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), can be used to treat depression. 

These medications commonly cause nausea, dry mouth, and sexual dysfunction as side effects. Psychotherapy: 

Several types of psychotherapy, including 

• cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 

• interpersonal therapy (IPT), and 

• psychodynamic therapy, can be effective in treating depression. 

These therapies can aid in the development of coping skills, the elimination of negative thought patterns, and the improvement of interpersonal relationships. 

Contraindications Associated with Various Classes of Medications: 

• SSRIs are associated with nausea, dry mouth, headaches, and sexual dysfunction as common side effects. 

• Common SNRI side effects include nausea, dry mouth, headache, and vertigo. 

• TCAs are associated with dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention. T

• The most common adverse effects of MAOIs are dry mouth, vertigo, and insomnia. 

Variations on psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on assisting individuals in recognizing and altering negative thought patterns and behaviors. This type of therapy focuses on enhancing interpersonal relationships and communication. 

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on the exploration of unconscious thoughts and emotions that may contribute to depression. How Psychotherapy Works Psychotherapy can help individuals learn coping skills, address negative thought patterns, and enhance interpersonal relationships. By participating in therapy,